Security Challenges and Risks in The Strait of Malacca: A Critical Analysis

Abstract

A major global shipping chokepoint, the Strait of Malacca is threatened by several security problems that could disrupt stability, trade and political relations in the region. Eighteen incidents were recorded last year due to piracy and armed robbery, with pirates and armed criminals now resorting to complicated attacks that include cyber support. Kidnappings and demands for ransom over $1.5 million prove the financial and operational threats to vessels using the strait.The region’s security is also affected by geopolitical problems, with unresolved border conflicts and China and the U.S. each hoping to take a bigger role as strategic powers in the area. Disputes about seaward limits, the search for resources and military activity raise tension in the region. Besides, terrorism and attacks by non-state actors have increased, with a 35% jump in ocean terrorism events (2018–2022) and cyber-physical attacks on shipping facilities. Risks to the economy and the environment from oil pollution, crowded shipping waters and vessels running too low are a big concern for many industries, resulting in millions of dollars in expenses each year. At the same time, illegal business involving narcotics, weapons and wildlife exploits problems with security at ports and borders. Even though both sides conduct patrols and use technology, there are still many worries that need to be addressed through further regional action, greater monitoring and single legal policies. Should there be no action, both the safety and health of the waterway could reach such a level that trade and the safety of the seas would be seriously disrupted.